In France, between 1916 and 1918, "where almost seven times as many (Australians) died,... the guns showed cruelly, how little individuals mattered. The Japan Times LTD. All rights reserved. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies. The Battle of Buna–Gona, between November 1942 and January 1943, set the tone for the bitter final stages of the New Guinea campaign, which persisted into 1945. The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 served to increase suspicions and repression. A supporter of the US alliance, Hawke committed Australian naval forces to the Gulf War, following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Over the next few years, university fees were abolished and a national health care scheme established. Dame Enid Lyons, was the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in the 1949 ministry of Robert Menzies and finally, Rosemary Follett was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989, becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory. Some 10–12,000 years ago, Tasmania became isolated from the mainland, and some stone technologies failed to reach the Tasmanian people (such as the hafting of stone tools and the use of the Boomerang). But a few months later, a Royal commission made sweeping changes to the administration of Victoria's goldfields. It was hoped that the giant Norfolk Island pine trees and flax plants growing wild on the island might provide the basis for a local industry which, particularly in the case of flax, would provide an alternative source of supply to Russia for an article which was essential for making cordage and sails for the ships of the British navy. Its recommendations included the abolition of the licence, reforms to the police force and voting rights for miners holding a Miner's Right. In separate expeditions, Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area. A Council for Aboriginal Affairs was established. July 1898, saw the Bill put to a series of referenda in four colonies, but New South Wales rejected the proposal. The removal of indigenous children, by which mixed-race children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent were removed from their families by Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, was a policy actively conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1969. Minister for War Organisation of Industry, John Dedman introduced a degree of austerity and government control previously unknown, to such an extent that he was nicknamed "the man who killed Father Christmas. Australia had led the world in bringing women's suffrage rights during the late 19th century, and Edith Cowan was elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921. In the second vote, Scott Morrison emerged as a compromise candidate, defeating Dutton and Julie Bishop to become leader of the Liberal Party and prime minister of Australia. Together with the White Australia Policy and pioneering social policy, these developments have since been dubbed the Australian settlement. At the same time, humanitarians and reformers were campaigning in Britain against the appalling conditions in British prisons and hulks. Expatica is the international community’s online home away from home. By 1968, there were three Australian Army battalions at any one time at the 1st Australian Task Force (1ATF) base at Nui Dat in addition to the advisors of the AATTV placed throughout Vietnam, and personnel reached a peak total of almost 8,000, comprising about one third of the Army's combat capacity. By 1965, Australia had increased the size of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV), and in April the Government made a sudden announcement that "after close consultation with the United States", a battalion of troops was to be sent to South Vietnam. The earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo, a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales. Thus, the government committed military forces to the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency and hosted British nuclear tests after 1952. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. The reformist attorney general, John Plunkett, sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to emancipists, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and Aborigines. Rationing of fuel, clothing and some food was introduced, (although less severely than in Britain) Christmas holidays curtailed, "brown outs" introduced and some public transport reduced. From 1791 however, the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies. But "this was never discussed candidly at...meeting(s) of Australian and British defence planners", such as the 1937 Imperial Conference. Some forces remained in the Mid-East, including members of the Light Horse Regiment. In May 1942, the US Navy engaged the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea and halted the attack. In 1845, settler Charles Griffiths sought to justify this, writing; "The question comes to this; which has the better right—the savage, born in a country, which he runs over but can scarcely be said to occupy ... or the civilized man, who comes to introduce into this ... unproductive country, the industry which supports life.". From 1940 to 1941, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the Mediterranean theatre, including Operation Compass, the Siege of Tobruk, the Greek campaign, the Battle of Crete, the Syria–Lebanon Campaign and the Second Battle of El Alamein. The Labor party was led by H.V. The decision to settle was taken when it seemed the outbreak of civil war in the Netherlands might precipitate a war in which Britain would be again confronted with the alliance of the three naval Powers, France, Holland and Spain, which had brought her to defeat in 1783. Later gold rushes occurred at the Palmer River, Queensland, in the 1870s, and Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, in the 1890s. Despite the growing calls for unification, loyalties to the British Empire remained strong. Land grants of crown land were made by Governors, and settlement schemes such as those of Edward Gibbon Wakefield carried some weight in encouraging migrants to make the long voyage to Australia, as opposed to the United States or Canada. By 1834, nearly 2 million kilograms of wool were being exported to Britain from Australia. The greatest population density for Aborigines developed in the southern and eastern regions, the River Murray valley in particular. The High Court of Australia ruled that Scottish Gaelic was not a European language within the meaning of the Immigration Act (1901–25). Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by a few historians such as Keith Windschuttle as being exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons. In the period 1921–1936 totalled £40 million on the Royal Australian Navy, £20 million on the Australian Army and £6 million on the Royal Australian Air Force (established in 1921, the "youngest" of the three services). The artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history. The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) saw Britain lose most of its North American colonies and consider establishing replacement territories. The foundation of South Australia is now generally commemorated as Governor John Hindmarsh's Proclamation of the new Province at Glenelg, on the mainland, on 28 December 1836. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage. After the 1996 election, Howard and treasurer Peter Costello proposed a Goods and Services Tax (GST) which they successfully took to the electorate in 1998. Leading a band of escaped convicts, Donahue became central to Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy. In July 1966, new Prime Minister Harold Holt expressed his government's support for the US and its role in Vietnam in particular. No indigenous person was elected to the House of Representatives, until West Australian Liberal Ken Wyatt, in August 2010. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. The Menzies government responded to a United States led United Nations Security Council request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from occupied Japan to begin Australia's involvement in the Korean War. In southeastern Australia, near present-day Lake Condah, semi-permanent villages of beehive shaped shelters of stone developed, near bountiful food supplies. The western and eastern boundary points were chosen as they marked the extent of coastline first surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802 (Nicolas Baudin's priority being ignored). It was not until 1788 that economic, technological and political conditions in Great Britain made it possible and worthwhile for that country to make the large effort of sending the First Fleet to New South Wales. Statistics collected by historian Peter Spearritt show 17.8 per cent of men and 7.9 per cent of women unemployed in 1933 in the comfortable Sydney suburb of Woollahra.

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